A two-way table counts two categories at once. Read the row, the column, and whether the question wants a cell, a total, or a probability. Independent events are a probability neighbor, in independent events.
Cell, row, whole table
“How many juniors take Spanish” is one cell. “What fraction of Spanish students are juniors” is the cell over the Spanish column total, not over the grand total. Mutually exclusive labels in a table still need care, in mutually exclusive events.
Histograms bin one variable, in histograms. The short list is in ACT Math formulas.
The bottom line
Find the cell, then divide by the total the stem named.
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